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Exit options are vital for all venture capital investments to ensure they achieve their required return. This AIFI piece provides an overview of the Italian IPO market.

The merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham brought consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry to dizzy new heights. Zephus Corporate Finance looks at this M&A trend and its impact on the industry.

Banks play an important role in private equity transactions, particularly in buy-outs. Here, Bank of Scotland explains its lending criteria and some of the types of debt available.

Despite its difficult political environment, the Israeli high-tech industry has emerged as an area of rapid growth and development and other economies could learn much from Israel's experience. This report from the 3i Venturelab at INSEAD looks at Israel's funding climate for new companies, the growth of the venture capital industry and the exit options available to investors.

After Nasdaq dropped more than 300 points one fateful day in April 1999, venture capitalists and entrepreneurs alike have had to rethink, says a Wharton report. But there has been a positive outcome – VCs are giving more consideration to management quality and relevance of business. Written in August 2000, this is a useful historical article.

There has never been a better time to be a private equity investor in Germany says Zephus Corporate Finance. The country has the largest small and medium-sized enterprise base in Europe and, after recent tax reforms, it's set to undergo unprecedented change.

There has been a recent explosion of venture capital investments in the IT sector in Hungary and Europe. This report from Deloitte & Touche discusses the main challenges facing high-tech companies in central Europe and emphasises the types of deal opportunity available for those organisations with capital to invest.

The South African private equity industry has seen strong growth, boasting almost R28bn of capital under management in 1999. This report from KPMG outlines the main trends.

The venture capital market in Sweden is now the third largest in the world, according to this report from the Invest in Sweden Agency. With success stories such as Nokia and Ericsson at centre stage, much has been done to make this transformation possible.

The year 2000 saw the three-year bull market in telecom stocks come to an abrupt halt, according to this article by Zephus corporate finance.